English 216 Portfolio
Climate Change and the California Fires
Why Should You Care?
There is no denying that in recent years, a pattern of hotter and hotter temperatures has been a harsh reality here on Earth. This trend is called climate change which has brought a myriad of negative effects on the environment along with it. One of the major effects that is prominent in today’s news are the wildfires. Hotter temperatures mean fires are more easily started and have the potential to spread much quicker than in cold temperatures. These fires have had devastating effects for many communities in Northern California and have destroyed thousands of homes and buildings. In just my short 21 years, I have experienced the shifting weather, and have begun to see the effects that climate change is having on my environment.
How Does This Affect Everyday Life?
In the past few months, wildfires have been ripping through much of Northern California and Oregon, turning the landscape to ash. Experts have recently begun to link these fires to climate change. In an Interview titled How Climate Change Is Contributing to California’s Bad Fire Seasons, conducted by KQED Science, Climate Scientist Daniel Swain commented “My same colleagues were involved in another study that came to the conclusion that there has been a very steep increase in the number of wildfire acres burned in California over the past several decades. And one of the key reasons for that is indeed the way the climate has changed.” (How climate change is…). This quote is just one example from someone who works in the field. Studies confirm that the warming climate has led to many factors that have made fires more dangerous in California, especially in the past few years. For many years prior to these fires, we were in a drought, which means a lot of vegetation was dry, making easy fuel for wildfires. With all of this dry vegetation scattered throughout the state, one wildfire turned into two, then three, and so on. This made it exponentially harder to contain them. To me this is worrisome to think about and has the potential to affect my family and friends, as well as myself.
Impact On The Environment
Although these fires have had drastic effects on the communities which they have destroyed, they have also done damage to communities far beyond the immediate path of destruction. All of these fires have released large amounts of ash into the atmosphere, which has been carried by winds and is now affecting the lungs of people who are miles and miles away from the fires themselves. On one particular day, September 9, 2020, the smoke and ash was so bad, that the sky had an orange hue for the entire day and the sun was not visible. This was a scary sight to say the least but what made it worse was knowing that it came from wildfires in my state. This particular instance got me thinking about the world I am living in and the environment that I am going to have to raise my kids in. This may be the scariest thought of all. How will I explain to my kids that they can’t play outside because the air is too toxic, or that they can’t grow a vegetable garden because the soil is radioactive? Although these are not questions that are being thought about today, how can we ignore them? One day they will not be just questions, they will be harsh realities. In an NPR piece titled Everything Is Unprecedented. Welcome To Your Hotter Earth, Becky Bolinger, Colorado’s Assistant State Climatologist commented “When you have warmer temperatures and you’re lengthening the warm season, you’re also lengthening the time when wildfires have a chance to start and grow” (Everything Is Unprecedented…). This quote is underlying the fact that global warming has caused wildfires to be more intense, but this is just one aspect of how climate change is destroying the Earth. The world I am currently living in is not the world that I would like to raise my kids in. This is why I find it essential to do what we can to reduce our carbon footprints, and more importantly, think about how our actions today are going to impact future generations.
The Takeaway Message
In conclusion, my interest in this topic stems from me being a California resident, and wanting a better place for my kids to grow up. Since my late highschool days, after taking a course in Environmental Science, I began to think about how my everyday decisions impact the world I live in. I also learned that global warming is a vicious cycle, driven by a positive feedback loop. What this means is that global warming contributes to events that in turn, contribute even further to global warming. This is why eliminating global warming is not an achievable goal. What we can do on a personal level is help reduce the events that contribute to global warming. Although this may not stop the problem, it slows the progression of it. We need to make it more clear to citizens just how dangerous the future is going to be if we don’t do something about it today. This is an ongoing effort that will last for centuries, but if we continue to harm the Earth we will no longer have a place to call home.
Works Cited
- Hersher, Rebecca, et al. “Everything Is Unprecedented. Welcome To Your Hotter Earth.” NPR, NPR, 28 Aug. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth.
- Science, KQED. “How Climate Change Is Contributing to California’s Bad Fire Seasons.” KQED, KQED, 26 Aug. 1970, www.kqed.org/science/1968913/how-climate-change-is-contributing-to-californias-bad-fire-seasons.
Evaluation of Credibility of a Non-Scholarly Source
Severe fires have been sweeping across the state of California for the past few months, but this fire season is one of the worst California has ever seen. According to authors Ryan Mac, Ade Onibada and Brianna Sacks in their article titled The Fires Burning In California Right Now Are Already Among The Worst In History And The Season Is Just Starting, the authors argue that this fire season is the worst in California history, and the worst part about this is that it’s only the beginning of the season. On top of the fires, there is also a pandemic sweeping the globe, taking over a million lives with it. The authors acknowledge that California is also recovering from a dry climate, caused by a prolonged drought, and that this is exacerbating the effects of the fire. The authors even go on to explain that these fires are much bigger and scarier than any fires this state has ever seen before. The article closes with remarks made by Donald Trump to the effect that Californians should be paying for the damages and relief because they did not clear the forests of dead vegetation and debris to his liking.
This article is credible because its authors are beyond qualified to be writing about something like this, and the sources these writers use are heavily linked with the event at hand. One could argue that including the remarks from Trump unnecessarily turns this article political, but in my opinion, the author is simply trying to convey to the audience the President’s viewpoint on the topic at hand.
One of the contributors of this article, Ryan Mac, is a San Francisco based writer who has a ‘Senior Tech Reporter’ position at Buzzfeed. His job title alone shows that he has been writing for Buzzfeed for some time, and that he probably knows how to convey news to his readers without biasing the information he is putting out into the world. The sheer fact that he is based in San Francisco California means that he has easy access to sources working to fight the fire, or people who have been affected by these fires. Mac is also experiencing the drastic weather changes induced by these fires firsthand.
One of the sources used in the paper was from Lynnette Round, who works as a public information officer for Cal Fire. Round’s entire job is dedicated to providing the public, including news media companies, with up to date information about the status of these fires. The authors include, “Lynnette Round, a public information officer with Cal Fire, the state’s firefighting agency, told BuzzFeed News. ‘It probably will grow to be bigger.’” The fact that Buzzfeed decided to quote someone directly involved with these fires means that they are willing to use factual evidence to back up their claims, and that is exactly what they did.
The article also includes a variety of photos, all of which show the effects of the fires on the air quality, or on the immediate environment in which they are burning. All of the photos are sourced, with small captions that explain what the photo is depicting. The authors sourced all of the photos and included them in the article which added to the credibility of the piece. By ensuring that readers are able to visualize the destruction caused by these fires while also providing an origin and description for the photos helps the reader not only see the damage, but associate it with a source as well.
Works Cited
- Mac, R. (2020, August 24). The Fires Burning In California Right Now Are Already Among The Worst In History And The Season Is Just Starting. Retrieved October 01, 2020, from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/california-wildfires-largest-in-history-fire-season
Annotated Bibliography
I have been reading about the effects of climate change on the California fires. I have found evidence from numerous sources which seem to agree that climate change is in fact playing a part in these fires. All in all, most of these authors would agree that climate change has factored into the severity of this California fire season.
Science Magazines “Climate Change Blamed for California Wildfires.”
“Climate Change Blamed for California Wildfires.” Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 369.6507 (2020): 1037. Web.
Science Magazine, publisher of reliable and up to date scientific news argues in their article “Climate change blamed for California fires” (08/2020) that climate change plays a role in the severity of the 2020 California fire season. The author, who is unnamed, supports their main claim by using numbers to help the reader quantify just how destructive these fires have been, and that the fires are bigger and more serious than in previous years. The article’s purpose is to wake their audience up to the fact that this year’s California Fire season is just the start down a long road of damage to our Redwood Forests in order to ensure that readers understand what is going on in their own local environments. The author’s intended audience is people who are interested in climate change, and one example of how climate change is taking effect in 2020.
My research question surrounds the California fires, and specifically how Climate Change has weighed in on the severity of this fire season. This article is useful to my argument because it includes information from scientists as to why these fires are so severe, and just how bad the fires this year are, compared with anything in previous years.
Westerling and Bryant’s “Climate Change and Wildfire in California
Westerling, A L, and B P Bryant. “ Climate Change and Wildfire in California.” Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, Mar. 2008, sfstate-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/153kjhr/TN_cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A175223921.
Westerling and Bryant’s article titled “Climate Change and Wildfire in California.”, argue that the frequency of wildfires in California is directly linked to climate change, as well as a few other factors. The authors develop their argument by using data to back their claims, and to help readers gain more of a sense of what the numbers mean. The authors include data about wildfire risks from the GFDL and PCM global climate models, which look specifically at climate change over time. The authors target an audience that usually reads academic articles.
This article fits well into my research question because it provides evidence that satisfies a large part of the question of how climate change is playing a part in California’s horrific fire season.
Westerling, Bryant, Preisler, Holmes, Hidalgo, Das and Shrestha’s “Climate Change and Growth Scenarios for California Wildfire.”
Westerling, A L, et al. “ Climate Change and Growth Scenarios for California Wildfire.” Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, Dec. 2011, sfstate-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/153kjhr/TN_cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A276189937.
The article titled “Climate Change and Growth Scenarios for California Wildfire.” by authors Westerling, Bryant, Preisler, Holmes, Hidalgo, Das and Shrestha argue once again that climate change can be traced back to and partially blamed for this harsh California fire season. The authors develop their argument by using quantitative data about the Earth’s climate and how it will behave in years to come. The author conveys a message of distress and concern for the future of California’s fire situation in order to warn readers about the current state of California’s redwood forests. The authors draw attention from educated geologists and climatologists by including more than enough sources, and publishing the article on a scholarly site.
This article ties well into my research question by providing numeric data about the current state of California. While predicting what the future has in store by using data from previous years, the authors can help readers become aware of the severity of this situation.
Hersher, Rott and Sommer’s “Everything Is Unprecedented. Welcome To Your Hotter Earth.’
Hersher, Rebecca, et al. “Everything Is Unprecedented. Welcome To Your Hotter Earth.” NPR, NPR, 28 Aug. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth.
The article titled “Everything Is Unprecedented. Welcome To Your Hotter Earth” by authors Hersher, Rott and Sommer argues that climate is to blame for this season’s unusually brutal fire season. The authors develop their thesis through the use of quotes from accredited sources such as climate experts, or people who are being affected by these fires. The author’s purpose behind this writing is to deliver biased free news to listeners. The audience is everyday NPR listeners, in particular, those being directly affected by these fires.
I chose to include this source in my research because it was from a national news source that many people listen to, regardless of location. Unlike newspapers such as New York Times, NPR is not tied to a particular region, so it is heard on a more national level.
Mac, Onibada and Sacks’ article titled “The Fires Burning In California Right Now Are Among The Worst In History And The Season Is Just Starting.”
Mac, R. (2020, August 24). The Fires Burning In California Right Now Are Already Among The Worst In History And The Season Is Just Starting. Retrieved October 18, 2020, from http://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/california-wildfires-largest-in-history-fire-season
The article “The Fires Burning In California Right Now Are Among The Worst In History and The Season Is Just Starting.” written by authors Mac, Onibada and Sacks, briefly explains the situation of California’s fire season to its readers. The author develops their thesis by including quotes from people working at Cal Fire, who are actively trying to put these fires out. The author argues that California is facing its worst fire season right now in order to explain to readers that we need to change our habits and stop contributing to global warming if we want to see improvement. The intended audience is generally younger people because of where it’s published, but the article is unbiased and open to interpretation by all ages.
I included this article in my research because it highlights an inside point of view on these fires. Most of the quotes in this article are from sources working to fight these fires. This article also introduces many examples of the direct and noticeable impact these fires are having on Californians.
KQED Science’s “How Climate Change Is Contributing to California’s Bad Fire Season.”
Science, KQED. “How Climate Change Is Contributing to California’s Bad Fire Seasons.” KQED, KQED, 26 Aug. 1970, www.kqed.org/science/1968913/how-climate-change-is-contributing-to-californias-bad-fire-seasons.
KQED Science’s article “How Climate Change Is Contributing to California’s Bad Fire Season.”, published by KQED’s Science has an author who is unnamed. The author develops their thesis through the use of quotations from credible sources on this topic. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader of the situation in order to spread awareness while taking an unbiased stance. The intended audience is mainly older Californians who rely on an older, credible news source.
This ties back into my main topic by using unbiased fact to inform the reader on the California fires and how they link to climate change. This also provides my reader with more contextual evidence through credible sources that these two variables are linked.
Deepening My Analysis
Rising temperatures due to climate change have led to some of the worst fires in California history. In the National Geographic article titled “The Science Connecting Wildfires to Climate Change”, author Alejandra Borunda goes in depth on how widespread California fires have gotten. The effects of climate change have exacerbated these fires to reach historically destructive records as the fires have affected so many civilians and wildlife in the area. Borunda argues that warming air temperatures, which began in the industrial revolution in the 1800’s, and has not stopped since. Included in the article by Borunda are the graphs of the total annual radiative power (measured in megawatts) of wildfires in California, Oregon, and Washington. I will include the graphs below so that readers can quantify just how bad these fires have gotten, more than just in California.
This article deepened my understanding of these two independent variables, as it was the first article I’ve come across that has used numbers to link the California Fires to climate change, and analyzed how these variables are related. This led me to realize that these fires are not just magically getting worse, but that a rising temperature on our planet means fires can burn easier, and for longer. I used to believe that these fires were happening because of the dry land caused by years of California drought, but I soon found out that it was a combination of this and a planet that continues to get warmer.
Changing rain and snow seasons in one of the arguments that Borunda uses to argue that these fires are caused by more than just a drought. Borunda claims “Climate change is messing with the seasonal rain and snow patterns across the Western U.S., too — one of the other factors that controls fire risk.” The author is ensuring that their reader is aware of how rain and snow affect fire risk. This is just one argument that Borunda uses to argue that climate change is to blame for the intensifying fires.
Borunda makes another tie to climate change, leading me to believe that it was more than just droughts that caused these fires. Borunda makes another claim that states “When an ignition happens, even if it’s natural — like the unusual and dramatic lightning swarm that hit the Bay Area in August — the chances of it spawning a big fire are much higher than they would be, absent climate change.” This quote directly states that there is a link between a warming planet and these fires. This again goes to prove their main point, that climate change has produced an environment where wildfires can thrive.
In conclusion, I would say that this article deepened my understanding between the two independent variables, wildfire severity and climate change over the past ~20 years. I included graphs that show an increase in wildfire amplitude so that my readers could put numbers to the facts that I was providing to them. In my upcoming argument paper, I will research a topic along the lines of if we are ever going to be able to reduce wildfire frequency if we can somehow reverse climate change first. In my opinion, I don’t think we will ever reverse the damage done by climate change, but if we begin to slow down its effects, we might find that we are able to bring wildfires to a halt. This in turn would give our forests time to recuperate from the wretched California fires that 2020 brought along with it.
Works Cited
- Borunda, Alejandra. The Science Connecting Wildfires to Climate Change. 18 Sept. 2020, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/09/climate-change-increases-risk-fires-western-us/.
How is Climate Change Altering Life on Earth?
Intro
Climate change, and all of its implications are something that have been plaguing life on Earth since the turn of the Industrial Revolution. One species (human) has continually taken from the Earth, giving it no recuperation time for about two-hundred and fifty years. Climate change is one of the variables that is going to determine how long humans can live on Earth until it’s no longer habitable. The only other way this would happen is if the sun burnt out, which will happen much farther into the future than the effects of climate change kicking in. Something needs to change on multiple levels, otherwise we are bound to a future where Earth is inhabitable, and the entire human species is forced to move somewhere else.
Climate change, and its effect on the Earth should be most people’s priority. Unfortunately, we live in a society where policy makers don’t care enough about the issue to make major changes. I will agree, small changes here and there are made in an effort to help relieve the issue slightly, but nothing major, or groundbreaking has been done to stop climate change. There are so many variables that contribute to climate change, that stopping all of them simply wouldn’t be possible. One solution to this would be to have a global committee, similar to UNICEF, or the League of Nations, that has the sole responsibility of creating new policy to begin rolling back the effects of climate change. If we do not work at this issue now, the possibility of it being ‘too late’ grows larger and larger, day by day.
If we all collectively focus on three major climate change contributors (air pollution, land filling, and deforestation), the effects of climate change would slowly diminish, giving us more time on our beautiful planet, which we are lucky enough to call home.
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the biggest climate change contributor, because the way humans get places is for the most part, individual. Having a personal vehicle is awfully convenient, which is why almost everyone who can afford one, has one. The only issue with this is that most of these vehicles emit pollution, which in turn leads to global warming, as well as climate change. The Australian Academy of Science posted an article titled Where does air pollution come from?, where they discuss the leading causes of air pollution, the largest contributing factor to climate change. According to the Australian Academy of Science, “The number one source of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, primarily by motor vehicles.” This is just one example of an area where laws could be implemented, on a global scale, to help alleviate the damages caused by air pollution. One idea mentioned in an article by author Nicolas Pocard suggests that converting fleet vehicles such as heavy duty trucks to hydrogen power would cut back on a large portion of the world’s air pollution. The blog, titled Fuel Cell Trucks: Solution to Heavy Duty Transport Emissions? claims “Most heavy-duty vehicles are powered by diesel engines that emit high levels of particulates, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants. Based on their mileage and fuel consumption, freight vehicles are among the highest contributors to GHG emissions and street level pollution.” Heavy duty trucks are essential for both national and global commerce, but this comes at a cost to the environment. Things usually are not manufactured close to where they are sold. For instance, most Californians food comes from the central valley, whether or not they live close to it. A lot of the time, food can travel hundreds or even thousands of miles before it reaches someone’s kitchen. If the fuel powering these commutes was switched to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the only emission would be H2O. This one idea could prevent millions of pounds of CO2 from being released into the atmosphere.
Sometimes, air pollution is released by incidents that are out of our control. For instance, the California fires this year released absurd amounts of pollutants into the air, including ash and particulates, CO2 and methane. According to authors Priya Krishnakumar and Swetha Kannan, writers for The LA Times, “The last 10 years have shattered records. 2020 tops them all.” In the authors’ article titled The worst fire season ever. Again., the authors go in depth about just how bad the 2020 fires have been, and how they have stacked up to those in previous years. This goes to show how the vicious cycle of climate change leads in turn, to more climate change. A warmer planet means fires can burn easier when ignited, and as we have seen, they release many pollutants into the atmosphere. Its instances like wildfires, that are out of our hands that we need to prepare for, when combating climate change. Things like this are going to happen, which is why we have to focus our efforts so that when fires do happen, we are not just stacking pollution on top of more pollution.
Landfilling
The amount of trash that humans produce on a global scale more than we can manage properly. This is because every commodity sold to us comes with some form of packaging. It is up to the consumer to dispose of this packaging in a responsible way, but many times it gets tossed into the trash, which is then brought to a landfill, where it is going to sit for the next couple thousand years. People need to figure out the importance of recycling and composting, and apply this to their daily lives in an effort to keep landfills as empty as possible. An added benefit of this is that compost and recycling is often free for residents of many cities, so it is a great way to cut back on your waste management bill.
The main issue with landfilling is that it produces methane, a greenhouse gas much stronger than CO2. This is because a lot of what ends up in landfills is food, which decomposes, releasing this chemical as a byproduct. One article titled The problem with landfill, posted on a website called Environment Victoria, claims “Apart from the financial costs, garbage buried in landfill breaks down at a very slow rate and remains a problem for future generations.” This statement reiterates another big issue with landfills, which is that the issue is left for future generations to deal with. I think this is unfair, and on top of that, we can’t afford to pass it down to future generations, the solution has to come now.
Landfilling can lead to disastrous outcomes. This is why everybody needs to start caring today, and make the changes required to keep landfills as empty as possible. One article titled Public raises no concerns about plan to expand Hay Road Landfill, written by author Todd R. Hansen goes on to explain “…it seems wiser to expand the landfill than to have to ship the waste to the next closest facility 75 miles to the north.” While this statement seems reasonable, it is alarming that a landfill facility, which opened in 2015, needs an expansion five years later. This land fill in particular serves all of the counties in the Bay Area, which means something needs to be done to reduce the amount of waste that is generated in these communities. It is up to these local governments, as the federal government would never do something as unprofitable as protecting our planet.
Deforestation
Climate change can be alleviated by a few things in particular, one being the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process that all plants undergo in order to stay alive. An article titled Photosynthesis, by author Hans Lambers describes photosynthesis as “… the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.” The process takes CO2 and water, and converts it into sugar and oxygen. The plant keeps the sugar in order to sustain itself, but the oxygen is released back into the atmosphere. Yes, you heard that right, plants take in the greenhouse gas CO2, and convert it into oxygen which we breathe! The only issue with this is that cutting down trees in order to make goods like lumber or paper is a major way that our economy operates. Multimillion dollar corporations are not willing to stop cutting down trees, because that means they are going to lose money. This means the responsibility now falls in the hands of citizens. Oftentimes, citizens see something like a box or a paper receipt as garbage, but they need to start seeing it as something that can be reused, if not by them, then by a recycling company.
Almost all houses are made of wood of some sort, but the even bigger issue is that a majority of goods bought and sold online are shipped in a cardboard box, which is made from paper. One article titled What is the environmental impact of deforestation for paper production? (And how can we rebalance our friendship with trees?), which was published on a website called Paper on the Rocks, discusses how the production of paper products has been driven by deforestation. Nowadays, many of these boxes are made from recycled materials, but a good majority of them end up in a landfill, or even as litter on the street.
Aside from killing trees, deforestation leads to habitat loss for an array of species that called that particular forest home. One article titled Deforestation explained, by author Christina Nunez explains deforestation and all of its implications. The National Geographic writed claims “Between 1990 and 2016, the world lost 502,000 square miles (1.3 million square kilometers) of forest, according to the World Bank — an area larger than South Africa.” This is an alarming diminish in the size of our forests. On top of that, it’s going to take decades, or even centuries to grow all of those trees back. And although efforts have been put into planting new trees, a more important question to be asking is ‘Is it enough?’. Regardless of the rate in which we plant new trees, I don’t think there will ever really be “enough”, as loggers continue to deforest on a daily basis, 360-ish days a year, worldwide.
Wrapping it up
Climate change has affected us all, whether or not we would like to admit it. Capitalism, and the constant need for money has turned us into people that can’t see past the value of nature, as we would rather make a profit, than enforce restrictions to protect the Earth. Everything from the air, to the land and our forests, have all experienced negative effects all in the name of money. As our population grows, we require more and more resources, taking from a planet that has long passed its carrying capacity. On top of this, most people simply dont care enough to do their part, and this negatively affects us all. So ask yourself, ‘How can I do my part?’, for the sake of our home.
Works Cited
Hansen, Todd R. “Public Raises No Concerns about Plan to Expand Hay Road Landfill.” Daily Republic, Daily Republic, 22 Jan. 2020, www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/fairfield/public-raises-no-concerns-about-plan-to-expand-hay-road-landfill/.
Krishnakumar, Priya, and Swetha Kannan. “2020 California Fires Are the Worst Ever. Again.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 15 Sept. 2020, www.latimes.com/projects/california-fires-damage-climate-change-analysis/.
Lambers, Hans. “Photosynthesis.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 Mar. 2020, www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis.
Nunez, Christina. “Deforestation and Its Effect on the Planet.” National Geographic, National Geographic, 25 Feb. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/.
Olivia. Where Does Air Pollution Come from? 12 July 2019, www.science.org.au/curious/people-medicine/where-does-air-pollution-come.
Pocard, Nicolas. “Fuel Cell Trucks: Solution to Heavy Duty Transport Emissions?” Blog, Ballard, 17 May 2018, blog.ballard.com/fuel-cell-truck.
“The Problem with Landfill. Toxins, Leachate and Greenhouse Gases.” Environment Victoria, Environment Victoria, 13 Sept. 2019, environmentvictoria.org.au/resource/problem-landfill/.
“What Is the Environmental Impact of Deforestation for Paper Production?” Paper / on the Rocks, Paper / on the Rocks, 12 July 2020, paperontherocks.com/2018/11/28/environmental-impact-of-deforestation/.
